There is no written evidence in the history of educational technology that can tell us exactly who coined the term educational technology. Different educators, scientists and philosophers at different time intervals have proposed different definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and organizations, where technology from various fields of science is borrowed according to educational needs and requirements to implement, evaluate, and manage solutions to problems involved in education. . all aspects of human learning
We’ve come a long way from those days, and in many cases new technologies have quickly replaced the old. There is however a wide variation on how advanced school districts are in terms of their education technology implementations. One thing is clear; no matter how limited resources are, all school districts have formed a set of goals around education technology. If we expect to reach any of these goals, we have to understand the underlying factors that can affect the character and complexity of a problem. These factors will in turn affect how we approach a particular problem and the solutions that are applied to reach our goals.
From a 30,000 foot perspective, there are commonly three key components to an education technology solution Hardware, Software and Training (the often forgotten, but many times most important component).
Document cameras, projectors and computers are becoming common place in the classroom. Document cameras are an incredible piece of technology used in education today. The ability to show a page in a text book or a worksheet up on the board without making a transparency! Many schools still use transparencies and overhead projectors. Overhead projectors limit the freedom to adapt to the class and create real-time learning experiences based on student responses.
Projectors and interactive whiteboards are a must ever since the Internet became available. Multimedia, simulations, videos, maps, research, etc… Projectors allow for whole class learning and engaging discussions that extend from a specific topic or skill. The interactive whiteboard technology allows the teacher to stay in front of the classroom notating and controlling the mouse.
Another important educational technology piece are computers. Computer labs have been common in schools for sometime. The real concern has been actual “computer access” the students have throughout the week. Having enough computers and creating a consistent schedule for the entire school has always been a challenge. An answer to this challenge has been mobile laptop carts. Imagine a large cart with 25 laptops shelved, plugged into outlets within the cart. Only the cart needs an external outlet to power all laptops. This cart is moved from classroom to classroom and students are assigned a computer number. Instead of scheduling computer time to the computer lab, teachers are reserving these laptop carts…bringing the computer lab to them!!
Classroom Response Systems or Voting Response Systems or clickers are becoming a common trend as an added piece to their educational technology plan. You will be sure to find more information when you Google “21st Century Classroom Presentation”. These devices allow for true interactivity and engagement within the class as a whole.
In today’s education tech world, you will not get very far without the three vital components mentioned above. These are however, merely the tools that we will use in reaching our educational goals. If you were to place all of the best hardware, software and training materials in a room, they would not magically yield higher test scores, achievement and graduation rates all by themselves.
You might think that what I’ll be saying next will have to do with people and how they can be the difference makers. This of course is true, but the actual focus should be on what these all important people are doing (and unfortunately in many cases not doing) in order to achieve our collective educational goals.
In general, educational technology has passed through five stages, namely:
The first stage of educational technology is combined with the use of aids such as charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials. The term educational technology is used as a synonym for audio-visual aids
The second stage of educational technology is associated with the ‘electronic revolution’ with the introduction and formation of sophisticated hardware and software. The use of various audio-visual aids like projectors, magic lanterns, tape-recorders, radios, televisions etc.
brought about a revolutionary change in the educational scenario. Thus, the concept of educational technology is taken in terms of these sophisticated instruments and equipment for the effective presentation of teaching materials.
The third stage of educational technology is associated with the development of mass media which in turn led to the ‘communication revolution’ for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) which was used for education since the 1950s also became popular in this era.
The fourth stage of educational technology can be seen with the individualized process of instruction. The invention of programmed learning and programmed instruction gave a new dimension to educational technology. A self-study system based on self-teaching materials and teaching machines emerged.
Recent concepts of educational technology are influenced by the concept of systems engineering or systems approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technology and the use of computers in teaching. According to him, educational technology is a systematic way to design, implement, and evaluate the entire teaching and learning process according to certain objectives based on research.
Educational technology during the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age
Educational technology, despite the uncertainty of the origin of the term, can be traced back to the periodization of the system of three prehistoric human ages namely the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
During the Stone Age, the lighting of fires by rubbing stones, the manufacture of various weapons and handcrafted tools from stone and the practice of clothing were some of the most important simple technological developments. A small proportion of Stone Age people developed seaworthy outrigger canoe technology for migrating from place to place across the Ocean, where they developed their first informal education in knowledge of ocean currents, weather conditions, sailing practices, astronautics, and the stars. map.
During the subsequent Stone Age period (Neolithic period), for agricultural practice, polished stone tools were made from various hard rocks mostly by digging underground tunnels, which can be considered the first step in mining technology. Polished axes were effective even after bronze and iron appeared; people use it to clear forests and build crop farms
Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, archaeological evidence proves their shift from nomadic life to agricultural settlements. Ancient tools preserved in various museums, cave paintings such as the Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric art, such as Venus of Willendorf, Mother Goddess of Laussel, France, etc. are some of the evidence that supports their culture.
The Neolithic Revolution of the Stone Age resulted in the emergence of the Bronze Age with the development of agriculture, the domestication of animals, and the adoption of permanent settlements. For these practices, the Bronze Age people further developed metal smelting, with copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, as their materials of choice.
The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living because iron tools were stronger and cheaper than their bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the development of written manuscripts.
Educational technology during the period of Ancient civilization
According to Paul Saettler, 2004, educational technology can be traced back to a time when tribal priests systematized knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information. In every stage of human civilization, one can find an instructional technique or set of procedures intended to apply a particular culture which is also supported by a number of investigations and evidence.
The more advanced the culture, the more complex the teaching technologies designed to reflect the particular ways of individual and social behavior intended to run an educated society. Over the centuries, any significant change in educational values, goals or objectives led to a variety of educational technology.
The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of ancient civilizations. These advances stimulate and educate the rest of the world to adopt new ways of life and government.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an early Bronze Age civilization located in the northwestern region of the Indian Subcontinent. This civilization mainly developed around the Indus River valley in the Indus and Punjab regions, extending to the Ghaggar-Hakra and Ganges-Yamuna Doab River valleys, (largely under present-day Pakistan and the modern western states of India as well as some parts of the civilizations that followed. extending into southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran).
There is a long-term controversy as to which language the Harappans speak. It is assumed that their writing is at least apparently or pictographic script. The manuscript appears to have about 400 basic markings, with many variations. People write their script in a general direction from right to left. Most of the writing is found on seals and seals which may have been used in commerce and official & administrative work
The Harappans have knowledge of measuring instruments for length, mass, and time. They were the first in the world to develop a diverse system of weights and measures.
In a study conducted by P. N. Rao et al. in 2009, published in Science, computer scientists discovered that the pattern of the Indus script is closer to spoken words, which supports the proposed hypothesis that it encodes an unknown language.
According to Chinese Civilization, some of China’s key technological offerings include paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, lighters, iron plows, multi-tube seed drills, suspension bridges, wheelbarrows, parachutes, natural gas as fuel, magnetic compasses, maps reliefs, blast furnaces, propellers, crossbows, Southern Chariots, and gunpowder. With the invention of paper they have given their first step towards the development of educational technology by further cultivating various handmade paper products as visual aids.
The ancient Egyptian language was once one of the longest surviving and spoken languages in the world. Their scripts consist of pictures of real objects like birds, animals, different tools, etc. These images are popularly called hieroglyphs. Their language consists of more than 500 hieroglyphs known as hieroglyphs. The stone monuments or tombs that were discovered and rescued recently provide evidence of the existence of various forms of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt.
Educational Technology during the Medieval and Modern Period
Paper and pulp paper-making processes developed in China in the early 2nd century AD, were brought to the Middle East and spread to the Mediterranean by Muslim conquests. Evidence supports that paper mills were also founded in Sicily in the 12th century. The invention of the spinning wheel significantly increased the productivity of the yarn manufacturing process and when Lynn White added the spinning wheel with the increasing supply of fabric, it led to the production of cheap paper, which was a major factor in the development of printing technology.
At the beginning of the 19th century, there were important changes in the field of education. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), since the inception of school broadcasting in 1920 has maintained a rapid pace in making good contributions to formal education. In the United States, in 1952, 20 states had provisions for educational broadcasting. As of today, about 98% of schools in the UK are equipped with radios and there are regular daily programmes.
Sidney L. Pressey, seorang psikolog dari Ohio State University mengembangkan mesin otodidak yang disebut ‘Drum Tutor’ pada tahun 1920. Namun, Profesor Skinner, dalam artikelnya yang terkenal ‘Science of Learning and art of Teaching’ yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1945 memohon aplikasi tersebut. pengetahuan yang diturunkan dari psikologi perilaku ke prosedur kelas dan menyarankan perangkat pengajaran otomatis sebagai sarana untuk melakukannya.
Although the first practical use of Regular television broadcasts in Germany was in 1929 and in 1936 the Berlin Olympics were broadcast through television stations in Berlin, open-circuit television came into use.
You might think that what I’ll be saying next will have to do with people and how they can be the difference makers. This of course is true, but the actual focus should be on what these all important people are doing (and unfortunately in many cases not doing) in order to achieve our collective educational goals.
mainly for broadcast programs for entertainment in the 1950s. Since the 1960s, television has been used for educational purposes.
In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technology measures for the first time. It is noteworthy that in 1960, as a result of the industrial revolution in America and Russia, other countries also began to make progress in the field of educational technology. In this way, the origins of educational technology took place in the 1960s from America and Russia and have now reached Britain, Europe and India.
During the 1950s the new technocracy turned it into an educational attraction when there was a shortage of teachers in America and therefore an urgent need for educational technology was felt. Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and moments later his colleague, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass production technology in America.
Team teaching began in America in the mid-1950s and first started in 1955 at Harvard University as part of an internship plan.
In 1956, Benjamin Bloom of the United States introduced a taxonomy of educational goals through his publication, “The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain”.
In 1961, the micro teaching technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his colleagues at Stanford University in the United States.
Electronics is a major technology developed at the beginning of the 21st century. Broadband Internet access is becoming popular and occupying almost all important offices and educational establishments and even in public places in developed countries with the advantage of connecting home computers with music libraries and cell phones.
Today’s classrooms are more likely to be tech labs, rooms with rows of students using laptops, palmtops, notepads, or maybe students attending a video conference or virtual class or maybe listening to a podcast. or follow video lectures. Rapid technological changes in education have created new ways to teach and learn. Technological changes also encourage teachers to access various information on a global scale through the Internet, to improve their lessons and make them competent professionals in their fields.
At the same time, students can take advantage of the vast resources of the Internet to enrich their learning experience to cope with the changing trends of society. Now days students as well as teachers attend seminars, conferences, workshops at national and international level using multimedia technology resources like PowerPoint and they even pursue various important courses of their choice in a distance mode through online learning means. Online learning facilities have opened many doors of opportunity for today’s students to make our lives happier than ever.
So we all should be more active in terms of teaching and learning, because nowadays there are many advanced educational technologies such as cellphones, laptops, LCDs etc. that can be used in the teaching and learning process. So use today’s educational technology properly, precisely and perfectly so that we can get the benefits we need for the present or the future.